(一) 当主语是单数可数名词、不可数名词、(疑问词+)to do结构、动词-ing形式、主语从句、复合不定代词、表单位数量的时间、距离、金钱、重量、复数形式的学科名词(physics, politics)、国家或组织名称(the United States, the United Nations)等，谓语动词常用单数。

　提示：what引导的主语从句所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。 (如：What we need are good doctors.　我们需要的是好医生。)

　如果强调数目，谓语动词用复数。如：More than twenty years have passed since we graduated. 我们毕业后已经过了二十多年。

　考例1

　All the scientific evidence _____ that increasing use of chemicals in farming _____ damaging our health. (2012湖南)

　A. show; are B. shows; are

　C. show; is D. shows; is

　解析：D。evidence与use在句中均为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。

　考例2

　Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, _____ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. (2012安徽)

　A. keeps B. keep

　C. have kept D. had kept

　解析：A。Walmart属于专有名词，谓语应用单数形式。

　(二) 在“名词/代词+介宾结构+谓语+……”结构中，谓语动词与名词/代词保持一致，介宾结构看作修饰成分。该结构中的常见介词及短语介词有with/together with/along with/as well as/like/rather than/but/except/besides / including / in addition to等。

　考例

　The famous musician, as well as his students, _____ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo. (2013福建)

　A. were invited B. was invited

　C. have been invited D. has been invited

　解析：B。主语为The famous musician，as well as…起修饰作用，根据2012 Taipei Flower Expo可知，描述的是过去的事，因此用一般过去时。

　(三) “all/a lot/plenty/part/the rest/most /分数/百分数+of+名词/代词”作主语时，谓语动词单复数形式一般取决于of后的名词或代词的数。表示复数概念用复数动词，表示单数概念用单数动词。

　考例1

　The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which _____ saved for other purposes. (2011安徽)

　A. is B. are C. was D. were

　解析：D。which指代前面的the raw materials，为复数形式，因此谓语动词用复数。本句描述过去的事情，因此应用一般过去时。

　考例2

　One-third of the country _____ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _____ black people. (2011湖南)

　A. is; are B. is; is

　C. are; are D. are; is

　解析： A。the majority of+可数名词复数结构作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。

　(四)a number of/an average of/a total of等+可数名词复数构成短语作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式;而the number of/the average of/the total of等+名词构成短语作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式;

　“a great(large)/small number of，many，a few，few, a good(great) many, dozens of, scores of+可数名词复数”结构作主语时，谓语动词应用复数。

　a little， little, much， a great deal of， a large amount of一般只修饰不可数名词，其谓语动词用单数形式。(如：A great deal of petrol is wasted. )

　考例1

　The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _____ rising steadily since 1990. (2009山东)

　A. is B. are

　C. has been D. have been

　解析：C。本句的主语为The number of…结构。

　考例2

　Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, ____ in the clothing industry. (2005辽宁)

　A. is working B. works

　C. work D. worked

　解析：C。句中a large number of…作主语，意为“大量的……”。

　(五)“one of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。但“one of+复数名词”结构后接定语从句时，从句中的谓语动词用复数形式;而在“the only/ right/ very one of+名词+关系代词+从句谓语”结构中，从句谓语动词用单数。

　考例1

　Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who ____ evening dress. (2010全国Ⅱ)

　A. wear B. wears

　C. has worn D. have worn

　解析：B。从句先行词为the only one of the women，从句谓语动词用单数。

　考例2

　At present, one of the arguments in favor of the new airport ____ that it will bring a lot of jobs to the area. (2009江西)

　A. is B. are C. will be D. was

　解析：A。该句是one of...结构充当主语。

　(六) pairs of/amounts of/quantities of...等构成短语作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式; a pair of(表示一双，一条时)/an amount of / a series of构成短语作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。

　考例1

　— Why does the lake smell terrible?

　— Because large quantities of water _____. (2009福建)

　A. have polluted B. is being polluted

　C. has been polluted D. have been polluted

　解析： D。该句是quantities of构成的短语作主语，所以谓语动词用复数形式。

　考例2

　As a result of destroying the forests, a large ____ of desert ____ covered the land. (2001上海)

　A. number; has B. quantity; has

　C. number; have D. quantity; have

　解析：B。 a number of后通常接可数名词复数，该句desert是不可数名词, a large quantity of后面接可数名词复数或不可数名词;a quantity of后面加的desert为不可数名词，所以谓语动词用单数形式。

　(七) and连接并列主语表示同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，表示不同概念时谓语动词常用复数形式。

　考例1

　A poet and artist _____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. (2006江苏)

　A. is B. are C. was D. were

　解析：A。句意：一位诗人兼艺术家明天下午要给我们做关于中国文学和绘画的报告。该题由and连接两个名词作主语，但第二个名词前没有冠词，因此指的是同一人，故谓语用单数形式。注意：由and连接的两个带冠词单数名词，表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数形式。如： The tenth and the last chapter were written by his father.

　考例2

　Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _____ yet. (2007浙江)

　A. hasn’t been decided B. haven’t decided

　C. isn’t being decided D. aren’t decided

　解析：A。 when and where指的是“做讲座的时间和地点”这一个概念，可用单数形式。由yet可知应用完成时态。

　注意如表示不同的概念，则要用复数。如：When they will start and where they will go have not been decided yet.

　(八) cattle/police/people/clothes/goods以及复数可数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。

　(九)单复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常根据句意来确定。常见的这类词有deer / fish / means / sheep / species / works等。如： All means have been tried. 各种手段都试过了。 One means is still to be tried. 还有一种手段尚待一试。

　(十)主语是集合名词family / government / public / audience等，表示强调整体时谓语动词用单数，如强调个体谓语动词用复数。

　考点二、谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致

　(一) either…or…/neither…nor…/not only…but also…/not…but…/or等连接并列主语时，谓语动词单复数由最靠近它的主语决定;

　(二)在倒装句中，谓语动词单复数由其后面的主语决定。

　考例1

　Either you or one of your students ____ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow. (2009湖南)

　A. are B. is C. have D. be

　解析：B。该句主语由either…or…连接，根据就近一致原则，谓语动词与one of your students保持一致。

　考例2

　—Is everyone here?

　—Not yet... Look, there _____ the rest of our guests! (2010江苏)

　A. come B. comes

　C. is coming D. are coming

　解析：A。 此倒装句中，谓语动词单复数由其后面的主语the rest of our guests决定。 D项形式为“进行”，实际表示“将来”，不符合题意。

　考点三、常见固定格式的主语

　(一) 由each...and (each)..., every...and (every)..., many a ...and (many a )..., no... and (no)...等结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：

　考例

　— Did you go to the show last night?

　— Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area ____invited. (2008陕西)

　A. were B. have been

　C. has been D. was

　解析：D。 and连接并列名词并且被every等修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。该句描述过去的事情，所以用一般过去时。

　(二) many a(n)+单数名词及more than one+单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数;而more+复数名词+than+one作主语时，谓语动词用复数;one or two +复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式; a + 单数名词 + or two作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式。

　如： One or two reasons were suggested. 提出了一两条理由。 A day or two is enough. 一两天就够了。

　考例

　It is reported that many a new house ____ at present in the disaster area. (2010陕西)

　A. are being built B. were being built

　C. was being built D. is being built

　解析：D。many a修饰主语，谓语动词用单数。再根据at present可知“正在被修建”，应该用现在进行时的被动语态。

主谓一致专练

　1. Look! A large number of students _____ in the playground.

　A. run B. runs C. is running D. are running

　2. It is not you or Tom but Alice that _____ to give us a speech about how to learn English well next Wednesday.

　A. is B. are C. will be D. have

　3. We each _____ a bicycle, but most of us _____ use it frequently.

　A. have; don’t B. has; don’t C. have; doesn’t D. has; doesn’t

　4. My father, together with some of his old friends, _____ talking in the study for 3 hours.

　A. are B. were C. has been D. have been

　5. As a result of the dry weather this year, most of the people in the area _____ for drinking water.

　A. need looking B. needs to look C. needs looking D. need to look

　6. The man dancing with his wife now is the only one of the clerks in his office who _____invited to the palace ball.

　A. has B. have been C. has been D. have

　7. Every boy and every girl in this school _____ an extra course according to their own interests this term.

　A. has chosen B. have chosen C. is chosen D. are chosen

　8. So far, not only the workers but also the machine _____ worn out after working day and night for 10 days.

　A. has been B. have been C. was D. were

　9. A recent report of the media _____ that some of the top students in Beijing _____ chosen to go to universities in Hong Kong.

　A. show; have B. shows; has C. show; has D. shows; have

　10. Between the two buildings _____ a monument which is in honor of the dead heroes during the Anti-Japanese War.

　A. is standing B. are standing C. stands D. stand

　11. It was reported that six tourists, including one from the US, _____ in the accident.

　A. has injured B. have injured C. were injured D. was injured

　12. One of Marx’s works _____ written in English in the 1860s.

　A. are B. would be C. were D. was

　13. Generally speaking, being hard-working _____ just what it takes for you to be successful in your career.

　A. is B. are C. was D. were

　14. Nobody but your own father and mother _____ always waiting for you to go home for supper.

　A. are B. have been C. were D. is

　15. All means _____ been tried but the young are still crazy about violence and destruction, and thus the police _____ to use arms.

　A. have; has B. has; has C. have; have D. has; have

　16. The professor and writer _____ going to give a lecture this afternoon, so the assistant and the secretary _____ busy preparing now.

　A. are; are B. are; is C. is; are D. is; is

　17. Over 80 percent of the cattle raised in this country _____ exported to the rest of the world.

　A. is B. are C. has D. have

　18. — John, there are only two students in the classroom. Where _____ the rest?

　— I don’t know.

　A. have been B. has been C. are D. is

　19. The eco-system of this river has been totally destroyed because large quantities of polluted water _____ poured into it every day.

　A. is B. are C. was D. would be

　20. The United Nations _____ after World War ?òto solve the international problems and conflicts in a peaceful way.

　A. was found B. was founded C. were founded D. were found

　21. No teacher and student _____ to have classes on Sunday.

　A. agree B. agrees C. are agreed D. is agreed

　22. The construction of the two new railway lines _____ by now.

　A. has been completed B. have been completed

　C. has completed D. have completed

　23. Even though he has lived there for 30 years, very few _____ his address in the town.

　A. has known B. are knowing C. know D. knows

　24. Such athletes as Liu Xiang _____ widely known, of whose achievements some _____ really amazing.

　A. are;are B. is;is C. are;is D. is;are

　25. When and where the war in the African country will come to an end _____ still unknown.

　A. has B. is C. were D. are

参考答案及解析：

　1-5 DAACD

　6-10 CAADC

　11-15 CDADC

　16-20 CBCBB

　21-25 BACAB

　1. D。“a number of+ 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式;再据上文Look可知，学生们正在跑步，因此用现在进行时。

　2. A。强调结构对主语进行强调，not…but…连接并列主语时，谓语动词要就近选择，所以该句谓语与Alice保持一致，用单数形式。

　3. A。each充当同位语与谓语动词无关，第一空真正主语是we;第二空主语为most of us，是复数概念。

　4. C。“名词/代词+together with...”结构中，together with…作修饰成分，真正的主语是My father，因此谓语动词用单数;再根据句意可知，他们一直在谈话，因此应该用现在完成进行时。

　5. D。most of the people作主语，谓语动词形式由people决定，所以用复数形式。need to do sth意为“需要做某事”。

　6. C。在“the only/ right/ very one of+名词+关系代词+谓语”结构中，从句谓语动词用单数形式。根据语境可知，应该用被动语态表示“被邀请”。

　7. A。在由each...and (each)..., every...and (every)..., many a ...and (many a )..., no... and (no)...等结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。根据语境可知，应用主动语态。

　8. A。 either…or… / neither…nor… / not only…but also… / not…but…/or等连接并列主语时，谓语动词单复数由最靠近它的主语决定。此句谓语动词与就近的the machine保持一致，所以用单数;根据时间状语So far可知，应该用现在完成时。

　9. D。 第一空主语是A recent report，谓语动词用单数;第二空主语是some of the top students，谓语动词用复数。

　10. C。此倒装句中，谓语动词形式由其后面的主语a monument决定，因此用单数。因为描述客观存在，因此用一般现在时。

　11. C。句子真正的主语为six tourists，including引导的短语作修饰语，因此谓语动词用复数。根据语境可知，应该用被动语态，表示受伤。

　12. D。在“one of+复数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数;再据时间状语in the 1860s可知，用一般过去时。

　13. A。being hard-working是动词-ing形式作主语，谓语动词用单数。

　14. D。but在此句中为介词，意为“除……之外”，真正主语是Nobody，不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数。根据句中的always可知，应该用现在进行时，表示“总是”。

　15. C。means等单复同形的词作主语时，谓语动词的形式由句意决定。由All means可知，谓语动词应为复数;第二个分句的主语是police，当主语为cattle, police, people等时，谓语动词用复数。

　16. C。第一空主语是and连接的两部分，指身为教授和作家的同一人，谓语动词用单数;第二空主语是and连接的并列部分，都有冠词the修饰，表示助手和秘书两人，谓语动词用复数。

　17. B。“(百)分数+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词单复数一般由of后的名词决定，cattle 为集合名词，表示复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式。根据语境可知，应用被动语态，表示“被出口”。

　18. C。the rest在句中指的是其余同学，表示复数概念，因此谓语用复数。

　19. B。“large quantities of+名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词形式用复数;再据时间状语every day可知，应用一般现在时。

　20. B。主语是复数形式的国家、组织名称等，谓语动词常用单数形式;根据句意可知应用被动语态，表示“被成立”。

　21. B。当and连接的并列主语由 each/every/no等修饰时，谓语动词通常用单数，该句是主动语态。

　22. A。construction意为“施工，建设”，为不可数名词。of引导的介宾结构起修饰作用，因此谓语动词应用单数形式。complete为及物动词，意为“使(某事物)结束; 完成”，因此应用被动语态。

　23. C。few, a few等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。另外根据句意可知，应用一般现在时描述客观情况。

　24. A。as引导的介宾短语作修饰语，真正的主语是Such athletes， 谓语动词用复数;定语从句中some代指some achievements，谓语动词用复数。

　25. B。此句主语是when and where引导的主语从句，表示一个概念，谓语动词应用单数形式。

2017高考英语作文预测？

(一) can/could

　1. 表示能够做某事(具备某种能力)(could主要指过去);

　2. 表许可; 用于疑问句表示请求(could表示语气更加婉转);用于否定句表示不允许。

　3. can还可表一时的可能性。

　考例1

　I’m going to Europe on vacation together with John if I ______ find the money. (2012全国II)

　A. can B. might C. would D. need

　解析：Acan在句中意为“能够”。

　考例2

　Peter ______ be really difficult at times even though he’s a nice person in general. (2008辽宁)

　A. shall B. should C. can D. must

　解析：Ccan在句中表“可能”。

　(二) must

　1. must用于肯定句中表示说话人的意志或义务，或者坚决要求某人做某事，意为 “必须”;mustn’t表示“禁止”。

　2. 在以must开头的疑问句中，肯定回答用must;否定回答用needn’t 或don’t have to，表示“不必”。

　3. 另外还有一种含义为“偏要”。表示说话人生气或不满的情绪。

　考例1

　—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?

　—I am afraid you ______, in case he comes late for the meeting. (2011福建)

　A. will B. must C. may D. can

　解析： B。must意为“必须”。

　考例2

　—______ you interrupt now? Can’t you see I’m on the phone?

　—Sorry Sir, but it’s urgent. (2012重庆)

　A. Can B. Should C. Must D. Would

　解析：C。must在句中意为“偏要，非要”。

　(三) will / would

　will (would) 表意愿, 用于各种人称的陈述句，还可表示某种习惯，或在疑问句中提出请求。主语为物时，可意为“不起作用”。

　考例

　Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but ______ say where he was. (2012江苏)

　A. mustn’t B. shouldn’t C. wouldn’t D. mightn’t

　解析：C。would在句中为will的过去式，表意愿。

　(四) may / might

　表示允许，和can/could一样，可用于各种人称。但要注意：在疑问句中will/would表示征询对方许可或提出请求时，常用于第二人称, would / might/could形式常表语气委婉，不表示过去时态。

　考例

　—______ I take the book out?

　—I’m afraid not. (2010四川)

　A. Will B. May C. Must D. Need

　解析：B。will/would 用于第二人称表示“请求”;而may可用于各种人称。

　(五) shall/should

　1. shall用于二、三人称，表示“命令、威胁、警告、强制、允诺”等。

　2. 在疑问句中， shall用来征询意见或请求指示，用于第一和第三人称。

　3. shall常用在主语是第三人称的条约、法律法规、规章制度等文件中表示“义务”或“规定”。

　4. should 用于劝告、建议的目的时，可译成“应该”，表示主观情况。

　考例

　One of our rules is that every student ______ wear school uniform while at school. (2012辽宁)

　A. might B. could C. shall D. will

　解析：C。shall在句中表示“义务”或 “规定”，意为“应该，必须”。

　考点二、表推测的情态动词

　(一) 对现在的情况或客观事实推测

　1. 对现在或客观事实的肯定推测

　must意为“肯定、准是、想必是”;should意为“很可能、该……”，指按常理推测;may(might)意为“也许、大概”，表示把握不大的推断;can/could可用于疑问句表示怀疑(could则表示更不确定);could还表示现在或将来的可能性。

　考例1

　—What are you doing this Saturday?

　—I’m not sure, but I _____ go to the Rolling Stones concert. (2013重庆)

　A. must B. would C. should D. might

　解析：D。might意为“可能”。

　考例2

　—Good morning. I’ve got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department.

　—Ah, good morning. You _____ be Mrs. Peters. (2010北京)

　A. might B. must C. would D. can

　解析：B。答语句意：哦，早上好。你一定是Peters夫人了。

　2. 对现在情况或客观事实的否定推测

　can’t意为“不可能”、“想必不会”，表示推测的语气相当有把握;couldn’t也可有此用法，但语气委婉。 may not, might not意为“可能不”、 “也许不”，表示推测的语气不很有把握。

　考例

　It ______ be the postman at the door. It’s only six o’clock. (2011江西)

　A. mustn’t B. can’t C. won’t D. needn’t

　解析：B。句意：门口的不可能是邮递员，现在只有六点钟。

　(二)对过去情况的推测

　1. must have done过去一定做过某事;

　2. can’t have done/couldn’t have done过去不可能做过，肯定没做过某事;

　3. can/could have done用于疑问句中表示对过去发生的事情或状态的推测;

　4. could have done 过去可能做过某事;

　5. may / might (not) + have done过去可能(没)做过某事。

　考例

　Since nobody gave him any help, he _____ have done the research on his own. (2013课标2)

　A. can B. must C. would D. need

　解析：B。句意：因为没有人给予任何帮助，他一定是独立完成这项研究的。

　考点三、“情态动词+have+过去分词”的其他用法

　1. should /ought to have done表示过去本应该做某事却没有做。

　2. shouldn’t /ought not to have done 表示本不应该做某事却做了。

　3. could have done在肯定句中还可表示“本来可以/可能做成某事”。

　4. might have done可表示本来可能，但实际上没有发生的事。

　5. needn’t have done表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”。

　考例

　We ______ the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me? (2012北京)

　A. should face B. might face C. could have faced D. must have faced

　解析：C。句意：我们本可以一起面对困境的，可是你为什么不告诉我呢?

10）全国卷 (2)

假设你是育才中学学生会主席李华。你校将举办一次英语演讲比赛（speech contest），希望附近大学的外籍教师Smith 女生来做评委。请参照以下通知给她写一封信。

英语演讲比赛

主题：人与自然

时间：6月15日下午2：---5：

地点：501教室

参赛选手：10名

联系人：李华（电话44876655）

范文： Dear Ms. Smith ,

I’m Li Hua , the chairman of the Students’ Union of YuCai Middle School ,which is close to your university . I’m writing to invite you to be a judge at our English speech contest which will be held in our school on June 15. It will start at 2:00 pm and last for about three hours . Ten students will deliver their speeches on the given topic “Man and Nature”. We hope that you will accept our invitation if it is convenient for you. Please call me at 44876655 if you have any questions.

I’m looking forward to your reply .

With best wishes

Li Hua

11） 全国卷 (3)

假定你是李华，正在一所英国学校学习暑期课程，遇到一些困难，希望得到学校辅导中心（Learning Center）的帮助。根据学校规定，你需要书面预约，请按下列的要求写一封信：1.本人简介 2.求助内容 3.约定时间 4.你的****（Email: lihua@1236.com ; Phone:12345678）

范文： Dear Sir ,

I’m LiHua , a Chinese student taking summer course in your university . I’m writing to ask for help . I came here last month and found my courses interesting .But I have some difficulty with note-taking and I have no idea of how to use the library . I was told the learning center provides help for students and I’m anxious to get help from you. I have no class on Tuesdays mornings and Friday afternoons . Please let me know which day is ok with you. You may email or phone me . Here are my email address and phone number :lihua@1236.com ; 1234567.

Look forward to your reply .

Yours ,

Li Hua

09)安徽卷 (4)

假设你正在参加全省中学生演讲比赛，请你针对有些父母经常翻开孩子的日记或书包这一现象，写一篇演讲稿，陈述你的观点。 内容包括：1.认为同学们不必为此烦恼 2.希望能够体谅父母的苦衷 3.建议与父母进行交流沟通

范文： Good morning , ladies and gentlemen ,

Some of us are having problems with our parents , as they often look into our school bags or read our diaries . I fully understand why we are not comfortable about it , but there’s no need to feel too sad. Our parents are checking our bags or diaries to make sure we are not getting into any trouble . They have probably heard some horrible stories about other kids and thought we might do the same . Or perhaps they just want to connect with us but are doing it all wrong . My suggestion is : Tell them we want them to trust us as much as we’d like to trust them .If you don’t think you can talk to them , write them a letter and leave it lying around ---they are bound to read it .

Thank you!

10)安徽卷 (5)

假设你将参加某英文杂志开展的一次征文活动，内容要求你在电视，手机和网络三者中，放弃其中的一个并陈述理由。请你以“which would you give up: TV, cell or Web?” 为题，写一篇短文。

范文： Which would you give up : TV , cell or web?

We are now living in an information age , in which TV , cells and the web are widely used . It seems that many people can not enjoy themselves with them .

However , if I had to give up one of them , I would turn off TV rather than switch off my cell or cut off the internet . I could do without TV because few TV shows can take my fancy and there’re too many commercials . Besides , most programs on TV are also available elsewhere .

As for cells and the web , they are more necessary to me . I need a cell to keep in touch with my friends and family , and almost all information can be gathered on the internet .

11)安徽卷 (6)

某校英文报社开设了一个专栏：experience . 本期话题是如何解决学习中遇到的困难。请你以“my approach to difficulties in learning” 为题，用英语写一篇短文，谈谈自己的一些做法。

范文： My approach to difficulties in learning

As school students , we run into one difficulty after another in the process of learning . Everyone has their own ways to deal with them . Here I would like to share mine.

When I am faced with a difficulty , I usually choose to refer to relevant learning materials or web pages . In this way , I can not only work it out but also improve my ability to overcome problems all by myself .

However , when it is something beyond my competence , I turn to my classmates or teachers for help . Sometimes I also ask my parents for advice . As a result , I have made steady progress in my studies .